Ecological succession, a fundamental concept in ecology, refers to moThe trajectory of ecological change can be influenced by site conditions, by the interactions of the species present, and by more stochastic  factors such as availability of colonists or seeds, or weather conditions at the time of disturbancere or less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecologiccal community.

Pionner spieces:The first spieces livung in an area.You notice that the blooming of fireweed has attracted animals such as insects and an occasional insect-eating bird.

pioneer community:The first community living in an area.Its is the prout of a douglas fir tree.


climax community:It is the final stage of succession.This community will stay largely unchanged unless some major event occurs.

Summary about world biomes

World
Biomes:
               land:

• tropical rainforest
• decidious forest
• grassland
• taiga
• tundra
• desert

                      water:


                               fresh water:        plankton:organism float in water.

                                                       nekton:organism that swim in the water
                                                      
                                                       benthos:loottom-dweling organism

                                               

                                                  saltyv water:     intertidal:0-100m depth
                                                                         
                                                                          open ocean:upperer geon
                                                                                            
                                                                                               bowerrsion

                                        

summary of surviving in ecosystem

Symbiosis:
Two organisms relate
together by helping or                   
harming each other.







type of simbiosis:

mutualism:
two organisms benefit each other.

parasitism:
One organism benefits and
the other harms.

Commensalism:
Two organisms that benefit
each other not harming   but
protecting.

summary

The continous movement of water between Earth´s surface and the air,changinh from liquid to gas to liquid.

The continous transfer of carbon between the atmospherer and livings things.

The transfer of nitrogen fro the atmosphere to plants and back to theatmosphere and then directlto the plants again.

Summary about food chains and food webs

Food chain is the path of energy in food from one organism to another.On the praire the first organisms in a food chain are plants. Plants capture the Sun's energy during photosynthesis.

Food web is the overlapping food chains in a community.Afood web shows how one population can be part of more than one food chain.

Summary about living things and their environment

An ecosystem is all the livings is an area interacting with each other.

biotic factor Any of the factors of an organism's environment that consist of other living organisms and together make up the biotic factor . These factors may affect an organism in many ways; for example, as competitors, predators, parasites, prey, or symbionts. In time, the distribution and abundance of the organism will be affected by its interrelationships with the biotic environment.
 abiotic factor Deads animals,dead plants are example of abiotic factor.Basically anything not living is an example of abiotic factor.Abiotic Factor is all nonliving part of an ecosystem.

Ecosystem:                                                                    

Biotic:                                 Abiotic:

examples:                            examples:
protist                                 soil            rocks
animals                               minerals
plants                                  air
fungi                                   water    
bacteria                               light



biotic factor:

Abiotic factor:

     

Summary about Energy Source

Alternative
Energy
Source:

• Wind Energy
• Water Energy
• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy

Some information about some Alternative Energy Source:

Wind Energy:

wind energy is a converted form of solar energy. The sun's radiation heats different parts of the earth at different rates-most notably during the day and night, but also when different surfaces (for example, water and land) absorb or reflect at different rates. This in turn causes portions of the atmosphere to warm differently. Hot air rises, reducing the atmospheric pressure at the earth's surface, and cooler air is drawn in to replace it.

Water Energy:

Water, like many substances, contains two kinds of energy. The first kind of energy is called kinetic energy. This is energy that is used during the execution of processes, such as movement. Because of kinetic energy water can flow and waves can exist.
But water can also contain potential energy. This is energy that is stored in the water. Stored, but not used. This energy can become useful when water starts to flow. It will be transferred to kinetic energy and this will cause movement.


Solar Energy:

Solar collectors collect solar radiation and transfer it as heat to a carrier fluid. It can then be used for heating. Solar energy is inexhaustible and nonpolluting, but converting solar radiation to electricity is not yet commercially competitive, because of the high cost of producing large-scale solar cell arrays and the inherent inefficiency in converting light to electricity.

Geothermal Energy:

Power obtained by using heat from the Earth's interior. Most geothermal resources are in regions of active volcanism. Hot springs, geysers, pools of boiling mud, and fumaroles are the most easily exploited sources.Thermal energy contained in the earth; can be used directly to supply heat or can be converted to mechanical or electrical energy.

pictures:

vocabulary 16

renewable resource: a resource that can be replaced in a short period of time.

ozone layer: a layer of ozone gas in the atmospherre that screens out much of the Sun´s UV rays.

fossil fuel: a fuel formed from the decay of ancient forms of life.

smog: a mixture of smoke and fog.

acid rain: moisture that falls to Earth after being mixed with wastes from burned fossil fuels.

vocabulary 15

Rock: a natully formed solid in the crust,made up of ome or mlre minerals.

igneous rock: a rock formed when melted rock material cools and hardens.

sedimentary rock: a rock made of bits ofmatter joined together.

fossil: any remains or imprint of living things of the past.

metamorphic rock: a rock formed under heat and pressure from another kind of rock.

humus: decayed plant or animal material in soil.

pollution: adding any harmful subtances to Earth´s land,water,or air.

rock cycle: rocks changing from one form  into another in  a never-ending series of process.

vocabulary 14

mineral: a solid materialof Earth´s crust with a definite composition.

luster: the way light bounces off a mineral´s surface.

streak: the color of the powder left when a  mineral is rubbed against a hard,rough surface.

hardness: how well a mineral resists scratching.

cleavage: the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces.

ore: a mineral containing a useful subtance.

gem: a mineral valued for being rare and beutiful.

nonrenewable resource: a resource that cannot be replaced within a short period of time or at all.